For example, the migration of the monarch butterfly, Danaus plexippus, involves a time-compensated sun compass for orientation and multiple physiological processes regulated by juvenile hormone (JH).

Processes involved in the long-distance migration of diurnal butterflies have been studied.

ipsilon can migrate long distances, which enables insects to avoid harsh environments temporally and spatially and to cause large-scale outbreaks in suitable areas. Įntomological radar and insect trapping studies have shown that A. The larvae, which typically hide in litter or soil during the day and emerge at night, are difficult to control with pesticide sprays. The larvae cut off seedling stems at or below the growing point, leaving empty areas in the field (Additional file 2: Fig. Its detoxification enzyme system confers strong adaptability to toxic secondary metabolites in a wide range of host plants including cotton, wheat, maize, and other crops. The globally distributed pest, black cutworm (BCW, Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), Agrotis ipsilon, is infamous for its omnivorousness and destructiveness. This study provides valuable genomic resources for elucidating the mechanisms involved in moth migration and developing innovative control strategies. A comparative transcriptomic analysis between tethered-flight moths and migrating moths showed expression changes in the circadian rhythm gene AiCry2 involved in sensing photoperiod variations and may receipt magnetic fields accompanied by MagR and in genes that regulate the juvenile hormone pathway and energy metabolism, all involved in migration processes. Knockout of genes that encoded two induced ABC transporters using CRISPR/Cas9 significantly reduced larval growth rate, consistent with their contribution to host adaptation. Comparative genomic and transcriptomic analyses showed that detoxification-associated gene families were highly expanded and induced after insects fed on specific host plants. ipsilon using PacBio and Hi-C technology with a contig N50 length of ~ 6.7 Mb.

We generated a high-quality chromosome-level assembly of A. However, knowledge about these traits is still limited. Its distinct phenotypic traits, especially its polyphagy and ability to migrate long distances, contribute to its widening distribution and increasing difficulty of control. The black cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon, is a serious global underground pest.

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